(Page numbers refer to the 2026 hardback edition)

p. 13 ‘Around ten years ago the annual cost of stroke in the US…’: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. ‘Medical Expenditure Panel Survey: household component summary tables.’ Website. http://meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_stats/tables_compendia_hh_interactive.jsp?_SERVICE=MEPSSocket0&_PROGRAM=MEPSPGM.TC.SAS&File=HC2Y2012&Table=HC2Y2012%5FCNDXP%5FC&_Debug=

p. 15 ‘This practice, known as thrombolysis, came into widespread use in the late 1990s and transformed immediate stroke treatment.’: Wardlaw JM, Murray V, Berge E et al. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul 29;2014(7):CD000213. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000213.pub3

p. 22 ‘In the early-to-mid 2010s a series of large trials showed unequivocal benefit of thrombectomy’: Bendszus M et al & TENSION Investigators. Endovascular thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke with established large infarct: multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet. 2023 Nov 11;402(10414):1753-1763. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02032-9

p. 22 ‘Almost double had a good outcome versus thrombolysis alone, with no difference in complications.’: Lambrinos A et al. Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review. Can J Neurol Sci. 2016 Jul;43(4):455-60. doi: 10.1017/cjn.2016.30

p. 23 ‘Simply by organising the care of stroke patients into dedicated units stroke mortality in the UK was reduced by over a quarter.’: Langhorne P, et al. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke: network metaanalysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;Issue 4

p. 34 ‘Subsequent studies suggested however that in fact many patients did better than expected’: Das S et al. Decompressive Hemicraniectomy in the Treatment of Malignant Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction: A Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg. 2019 Mar;123:8-16. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.11.176

p. 34 ‘Subsequent studies suggested however that in fact many patients did better than expected’: Räty S et al. Hemicraniectomy for Dominant vs Nondominant Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2021 Nov;30(11):106102. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106102

p. 46 ‘The concepts of physical therapy that were developed on the European battlefield…’: Opitz JL et al. The history of physical medicine and rehabilitation as recorded in the diary of Dr. Frank Krusen: Part 1. Gathering momentum (the years before 1942). Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997 Apr;78(4):442-5. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9993(97)90240-9

p. 46 ‘He was then joined by physician Frank Kusen…’: Krusen FH. Physical medicine and rehabilitation in the United States of America: with particular reference to the influence of the Baruch Committee on Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in its development. British J of Phys Med 1950; 13(8):169-177.

p. 47 ‘With growing recognition of this need, the nascent field of physiotherapy…’: Atanelov L, Stiens SA, Young MA. History of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation and Its Ethical Dimensions. AMA J Ethics. 2015 Jun 1;17(6):568-74. doi: 10.1001/journalofethics.2015.17.6.mhst1-1506

p. 47 ‘This grew out of the late-Victorian neurology concept of ‘motor re-education’ and was championed in London…’: Bobath B. Adult hemiplegia: Evaluation and treatment. 3rd ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann 1990.

p. 54 ‘There is evidence that setting goals in this way increases participation…’: Playford ED, Siegert R, Levack W, Freeman J. Areas of consensus and controversy about goal setting in rehabilitation: a conference report. Clin Rehabil. 2009 Apr;23(4):334-44. doi: 10.1177/0269215509103506

p. 64 ‘But I had not appreciated as a student how poor the odds are for those who receive CPR.’: Martin SS, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. 2024 heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024 Feb 20;149(8):e347-913.

p. 64 ‘The brain is very demanding, chomping its way through energy…’: Balasubramanian V. Brain power. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 Aug 10;118(32):e2107022118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2107022118. PMID: 34341108; PMCID: PMC8364152.

p. 64 ‘Human brains are more than three times as demanding as those of other primates.’: Mink JW, Blumenschine RJ, Adams DB. Ratio of central nervous system to body metabolism in vertebrates: its constancy and functional basis. Am J Physiol. 1981 Sep;241(3):R203-12. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1981.241.3.R203. PMID: 7282965.

p. 65 ‘Actively cooling the brain slows metabolism and may reduce this damage.’: Colls Garrido C, Riquelme Gallego B, Sánchez García JC, Cortés Martín J, Montiel Troya M, Rodríguez Blanque R. The Effect of Therapeutic Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest on the Neurological Outcome and Survival-A Systematic Review of RCTs Published between 2016 and 2020. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Nov 11;18(22):11817. doi: 10.3390/ijerph182211817. PMID: 34831572; PMCID: PMC8618610.

p. 68 ‘Most neurologists who trained in London have a copy of the ‘little green book’’: Book: The Queen Square Screening Test for Cognitive Deficits ; Author, Elizabeth K. Warrington ; Publisher, Institute of Neurology, 2010

p. 78 ‘Years later with colleagues I incorporated this concept into a mathematical model’: Teo JT, Swayne OB, Cheeran B, Greenwood RJ, Rothwell JC. Human θ burst stimulation enhances subsequent motor learning and increases performance variability. Cereb Cortex. 2011 Jul;21(7):1627-38. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq231. Epub 2010 Dec 1. PMID: 21127013.

p. 89 ‘How this works was figured out by three Cambridge physiologists…’: Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF. A quantitative description of membrane current and its application to conduction and excitation in nerve. J Physiol. 1952 Aug;117(4):500-44. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1952.sp004764. PMID: 12991237; PMCID: PMC1392413.

p.93 ‘In fact the existence of a direct and fast output from the motor cortex to the spinal motor neurons is unique…’: Lemon R, Kraskov A. Starting and stopping movement by the primate brain. Brain Neurosci Adv. 2019 Mar 15;3:2398212819837149. doi: 10.1177/2398212819837149. PMID: 32166180; PMCID: PMC7058194.

p. 94 ‘Current thinking suggests that the spinal cord contains circuits…’: Dietz V. Spinal cord pattern generators for locomotion. Clin Neurophysiol. 2003 Aug;114(8):1379-89. doi: 10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00120-2. PMID: 12888019.

p. 96 ‘If each output neuron in the primary motor cortex were linked simply to an individual muscle…’: Rathelot JA, Strick PL. Muscle representation in the macaque motor cortex: an anatomical perspective. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 May 23;103(21):8257-62. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0602933103. Epub 2006 May 15. PMID: 16702556; PMCID: PMC1461407.

p. 96 ‘Individual output neurons (known as ‘pyramidal cells’ on account of their shape) encode movements…’: Branco MP, de Boer LM, Ramsey NF, Vansteensel MJ. Encoding of kinetic and kinematic movement parameters in the sensorimotor cortex: A Brain-Computer Interface perspective. Eur J Neurosci. 2019 Sep;50(5):2755-2772. doi: 10.1111/ejn.14342. Epub 2019 Jan 30. PMID: 30633413; PMCID: PMC6625947.

p. 102 ‘David Marr saw the cerebellum’s unusual structure and connections as being perfect…’: Marr D. A theory of cerebellar cortex. J Physiol. 1969 Jun;202(2):437-70. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008820. PMID: 5784296; PMCID: PMC1351491.

p. 106 ‘When such a patient is blindfolded…’: Gazzaniga MS. The human brain is actually two brains, each capable of advanced mental functions. When the cerebrum is divided surgically, it is as if the cranium contained two separate spheres of consciousness. Sci Am. 1967 Aug;217(2):24-9. PMID: 4962491.

p. 107 ‘If callosotomy patients are asked to perform a continuous movement…’: Kennerley SW, Diedrichsen J, Hazeltine E, Semjen A, Ivry RB. Callosotomy patients exhibit temporal uncoupling during continuous bimanual movements. Nat Neurosci. 2002 Apr;5(4):376-81. doi: 10.1038/nn822. PMID: 11914724.

p. 112 ‘Neuroplasticity is the brain’s capacity to remould its connections…’: Book: Brain plasticity and behaviour, Bryan Kolb, Taylor & Francis, 17 June 2013, ISBN:9781134784219, 113478421X

p. 113 ‘This was first apparent from a set of classic experiments in the 1960s…’: Wiesel TN, Hubel DH. Comparison of the effects of unilateral and bilateral eye closure on cortical unit responses in kittens. J Neurophysiol. 1965 Nov;28(6):1029-40. doi: 10.1152/jn.1965.28.6.1029. PMID: 5883730.

p. 114 ‘The importance of receiving a correct visual input is not confined to cats.’: Hensch, T. K. (2005). Critical period plasticity in local cortical circuits. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(11), 877–888.

p. 114 ‘Tantalisingly this form of early plasticity can in fact be re-activated much later…’: Harauzov A, Spolidoro M, DiCristo G, De Pasquale R, Cancedda L, Pizzorusso T, Viegi A, Berardi N, Maffei L. Reducing intracortical inhibition in the adult visual cortex promotes ocular dominance plasticity. J Neurosci. 2010 Jan 6;30(1):361-71. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2233-09.2010. PMID: 20053917; PMCID: PMC6632513.

p. 116 ‘In children with Rasmussen’s…’: Borne A, Perrone-Bertolotti M, Ferrand-Sorbets S, Bulteau C, Baciu M. Insights on cognitive reorganization after hemispherectomy in Rasmussen’s encephalitis. A narrative review. Rev Neurosci. 2024 May 16;35(7):747-774. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0009. PMID: 38749928.

p. 117 ‘Studying blind adults who are highly proficient in Braille…’: Pascual-Leone A, Cammarota A, Wassermann EM, Brasil-Neto JP, Cohen LG, Hallett M. Modulation of motor cortical outputs to the reading hand of braille readers. Ann Neurol. 1993 Jul;34(1):33-7. doi: 10.1002/ana.410340108. PMID: 8517678.

p. 117 ‘Similarly the overall size of the non-dominant hand’s representation is greater in keyboard players than in non-musicians…’: Amunts K, Schlaug G, Jäncke L, Steinmetz H, Schleicher A, Dabringhaus A, Zilles K. Motor cortex and hand motor skills: structural compliance in the human brain. Hum Brain Mapp. 1997;5(3):206-15. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0193(1997)5:3<206::AID-HBM5>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID: 20408216.

p. 117 ‘…the posterior hippocampus… is enlarged in London’s taxi drivers…’: Maguire EA, Woollett K, Spiers HJ. London taxi drivers and bus drivers: a structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis. Hippocampus. 2006;16(12):1091-101. doi: 10.1002/hipo.20233. PMID: 17024677.

p. 117 ‘Some years ago I visited Gerald Finnerty…’: Finnerty GT, Roberts LS, Connors BW. Sensory experience modifies the short-term dynamics of neocortical synapses. Nature. 1999 Jul 22;400(6742):367-71. doi: 10.1038/22553. PMID: 10432115.

p. 118 ‘If you were to map out a rat’s motor cortex and then train it…’: Kleim JA, Barbay S, Nudo RJ. Functional reorganization of the rat motor cortex following motor skill learning. J Neurophysiol. 1998 Dec;80(6):3321-5. doi: 10.1152/jn.1998.80.6.3321. PMID: 9862925.

p. 119 ‘If you train somebody to make a specific sequence of finger movements…’: Karni A, Meyer G, Jezzard P, Adams MM, Turner R, Ungerleider LG. Functional MRI evidence for adult motor cortex plasticity during motor skill learning. Nature. 1995 Sep 14;377(6545):155-8. doi: 10.1038/377155a0. PMID: 7675082.

p. 121 ’That the strength of individual synapses might be adjusted by previous activity…’: Book: The Organization of Behavior. A Neuropsychological theory. D O Hebb. 1949. New York. John Wiley & Sons

p. 125 ‘Using a form of MRI scan that indirectly measures…’: Levy LM, Ziemann U, Chen R, Cohen LG. Rapid modulation of GABA in sensorimotor cortex induced by acute deafferentation. Ann Neurol. 2002 Dec;52(6):755-61. doi: 10.1002/ana.10372. PMID: 12447929.

p. 126 ‘Alternatively if you apply a tourniquet to somebody’s arm and tighten it…’: Werhahn KJ, Mortensen J, Kaelin-Lang A, Boroojerdi B, Cohen LG. Cortical excitability changes induced by deafferentation of the contralateral hemisphere. Brain. 2002 Jun;125(Pt 6):1402-13. doi: 10.1093/brain/awf140. PMID: 12023328.

p. 126 ‘The other key ingredient for neuroplasticity is what is often called the enriched environment.’: Sale, A., Maya Vetencourt, J. F., Medini, P., Cenni, M. C., Baroncelli, L., De Pasquale, R., & Maffei, L. (2007). Environmental enrichment in adulthood promotes amblyopia recovery through a reduction of intracortical inhibition. Nature Neuroscience, 10(6), 679–681.

p. 126 ‘If a mouse is given a reaching task to learn…’: Xu T, Yu X, Perlik AJ, Tobin WF, Zweig JA, Tennant K, Jones T, Zuo Y. Rapid formation and selective stabilization of synapses for enduring motor memories. Nature. 2009 Dec 17;462(7275):915-9. doi: 10.1038/nature08389. Epub 2009 Nov 29. PMID: 19946267; PMCID: PMC2844762.

p. 132 ‘Randolph Nudo and his colleagues in Texas studied squirrel monkeys…’: Nudo RJ, Milliken GW. Reorganization of movement representations in primary motor cortex following focal ischemic infarcts in adult squirrel monkeys. J Neurophysiol. 1996 May;75(5):2144-9. doi: 10.1152/jn.1996.75.5.2144. PMID: 8734610.

p. 133 ‘In a patient who is recovering from a stroke, though, the pattern looks very different…’: Ward NS, Brown MM, Thompson AJ, Frackowiak RS. Neural correlates of motor recovery after stroke: a longitudinal fMRI study. Brain. 2003 Nov;126(Pt 11):2476-96. doi: 10.1093/brain/awg245. Epub 2003 Aug 22. PMID: 12937084; PMCID: PMC3717457.

p. 137 ‘We combined the magnetic stimulation technique with functional MRI scans…’: Ward NS, Newton JM, Swayne OB, Lee L, Thompson AJ, Greenwood RJ, Rothwell JC, Frackowiak RS. Motor system activation after subcortical stroke depends on corticospinal system integrity. Brain. 2006 Mar;129(Pt 3):809-19. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl002. Epub 2006 Jan 18. PMID: 16421171; PMCID: PMC3717515.

p. 138 ‘When we are about to make a hand movement this inhibition is usually switched off…’: Murase N, Duque J, Mazzocchio R, Cohen LG. Influence of interhemispheric interactions on motor function in chronic stroke. Ann Neurol. 2004 Mar;55(3):400-9. doi: 10.1002/ana.10848. PMID: 14991818.

p. 138 ‘This concept has been called the interhemispheric imbalance model…’: Ward NS, Cohen LG. Mechanisms underlying recovery of motor function after stroke. Arch Neurol. 2004 Dec;61(12):1844-8. doi: 10.1001/archneur.61.12.1844. PMID: 15596603; PMCID: PMC3713312.

p. 138 ‘There have been many studies like this…’: Kim S, Park HY. Update on Non-invasive Brain Stimulation on Stroke Motor Impairment: A Narrative Review. Brain Neurorehabil. 2024 Jan;17(1):e5. https://doi.org/10.12786/bn.2024.17.e5

p. 141 ‘These stages were first noted in monkeys by Sir Charles Sherrington…’: Leyton, A. S. F., and C. S. Sherrington (1917). “Observations on the excitable cortex of the chimpanzee, orangutan, and gorilla.” Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 11(2): 135–222.

p. 141 ‘This was fleshed out in greater detail for humans…’: Twitchell TE. The restoration of motor function following hemiplegia in man. Brain. 1951 Dec;74(4):443-80. doi: 10.1093/brain/74.4.443. PMID: 14895765.

p. 141 ‘and then by physiotherapist Signe Brunnstrom.’: Brunnström   S. Movement Therapy in Hemiplegia: A Neurophysiological Approach. New York, NY, USA: Harper & Row; 1971.

p. 142 ‘All this means that the cells in the brain tissue around the stroke find themselves in a chemical environment that irritates and activates them.’: Book: Broken Movement. The Neurobiology of Motor Recovery After Stroke. John W. Krakauer & S. Thomas Carmichael. The MIT Press. 2017. ISBN electronic: 9780262343961. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9310.001.0001

p. 145 ‘In rats with stroke you will begin to see axonal sprouting…’: Liu Z, Li Y, Zhang X, Savant-Bhonsale S, Chopp M. Contralesional axonal remodeling of the corticospinal system in adult rats after stroke and bone marrow stromal cell treatment. Stroke. 2008 Sep;39(9):2571-7. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.511659. Epub 2008 Jul 10. PMID: 18617661; PMCID: PMC2593106.

p. 145 ‘A similar experiment in rats, however, found that the second procedure undid recovery…’: Biernaskie J, Szymanska A, Windle V, Corbett D. Bi-hemispheric contribution to functional motor recovery of the affected forelimb following focal ischemic brain injury in rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2005 Feb;21(4):989-99. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03899.x. PMID: 15787705.

p. 147 ‘According to a landmark study by John Krakauer and colleagues…’: Prabhakaran S, Zarahn E, Riley C, Speizer A, Chong JY, Lazar RM, Marshall RS, Krakauer JW. Inter-individual variability in the capacity for motor recovery after ischemic stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008 Jan-Feb;22(1):64-71. doi: 10.1177/1545968307305302. Epub 2007 Aug 8. PMID: 17687024.

p. 148 ‘You can to some extent identify this subgroup…’: Byblow WD, Stinear CM, Barber PA, Petoe MA, Ackerley SJ. Proportional recovery after stroke depends on corticomotor integrity. Ann Neurol. 2015 Dec;78(6):848-59. doi: 10.1002/ana.24472. Epub 2015 Nov 17. PMID: 26150318.

p. 148 ‘A group from Japan studied macaques with weak arms following stroke…’: Murata Y, Higo N, Oishi T, Yamashita A, Matsuda K, Hayashi M, Yamane S. Effects of motor training on the recovery of manual dexterity after primary motor cortex lesion in macaque monkeys. J Neurophysiol. 2008 Feb;99(2):773-86. doi: 10.1152/jn.01001.2007. Epub 2007 Dec 19. PMID: 18094104.

p. 150 ‘Colleagues at my hospital – Kate Kelly, Fran Brander and Nick Ward – carried out a seminal study in 2018…’: Ward NS, Brander F, Kelly K. Intensive upper limb neurorehabilitation in chronic stroke: outcomes from the Queen Square programme. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019 May;90(5):498-506. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2018-319954. Epub 2019 Feb 15. PMID: 30770457.

p. 156 ‘Head injuries are unbelievably common.’: Head injury: assessment and early management. NICE guideline. Reference number:NG232. Published: 18 May 2023

p. 157 ‘In total each year there are around sixty million head injuries worldwide.’: Maas AIR, Menon DK, Manley GT et al; InTBIR Participants and Investigators. Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Nov;21(11):1004-1060. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00309-X. Epub 2022 Sep 29. Erratum in: Lancet Neurol. 2022 Dec;21(12):e10. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00411-2. PMID: 36183712; PMCID: PMC10427240.

p. 162 ‘This term was first coined by the French-Polish neurologist Joseph Babinski…’: Babinski, J. (1914). Contribution al’etude des troubles mentaux dans l’hemiplegie organique cerebrale (anosognosie). Revue Neurologique (Paris), 27, 845e848.

p. 163 ‘On a special MRI sequence that images these tracts…’: Wilde EA, Hunter JV, Bigler ED. Neuroimaging in neurorehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation. 2012;31(3):223-6. doi: 10.3233/NRE-2012-0792. PMID: 23093451.

p. 164 ‘If you include sequences to look at the white matter tracts this number goes up further.[HA1] [OS2] ’: Palacios EM, Fernandez-Espejo D, Junque C, Sanchez-Carrion R, Roig T, Tormos JM, Bargallo N, Vendrell P. Diffusion tensor imaging differences relate to memory deficits in diffuse traumatic brain injury. BMC Neurol. 2011 Feb 23;11:24. doi: 10.1186/1471-2377-11-24. PMID: 21345223; PMCID: PMC3050687.

p. 164 ‘A recent large survey of people in Europe six months after traumatic brain injury…’: Andelic N, Røe C, Tenovuo O, Azouvi P, Dawes H, Majdan M, Ranta J, Howe EI, Wiegers EJA, Tverdal C, Borgen I, Forslund MV, Kleffelgaard I, Dahl HM, Jacob L, Cogné M, Lu J, von Steinbuechel N, Zeldovich M. Unmet Rehabilitation Needs after Traumatic Brain Injury across Europe: Results from the CENTER-TBI Study. J Clin Med. 2021 Mar 3;10(5):1035. doi: 10.3390/jcm10051035. PMID: 33802336; PMCID: PMC7959119.

p. 165 ‘A study of eight thousand males prisoners in Scotland in 2025..’: McMillan TM, Aslam H, McGinley A, Walker V, Barry SJE. Associations between significant head injury and cognitive function, disability, and crime in adult men in prison in Scotland UK: a cross-sectional study. Front Psychiatry. 2025 Mar 19;16:1544211. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1544211. PMID: 40177591; PMCID: PMC11961919.

p. 165 ‘A similar proportion of women prisoners had been hospitalised with a head injury…’: McMillan TM, Aslam H, Crowe E, Seddon E, Barry SJE. Associations between significant head injury and persisting disability and violent crime in women in prison in Scotland, UK: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021 Jun;8(6):512-520. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00082-1. Epub 2021 May 13. PMID: 33992149; PMCID: PMC8139871.

p. 165 ‘A large recent study of the homeless population in Canada…’: Stubbs JL, Thornton AE, Sevick JM, Silverberg ND, Barr AM, Honer WG, Panenka WJ. Traumatic brain injury in homeless and marginally housed individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health. 2020 Jan;5(1):e19-e32. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30188-4. Epub 2019 Dec 2. Erratum in: Lancet Public Health. 2020 Jan;5(1):e18. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30257-9. PMID: 31806487.

p. 169 ‘Symonds wrote in 1928 that instead of recovering rapidly…’: Symonds CP. Observations on THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CEREBRAL STATES CONSEQUENT UPON HEAD INJURIES. Br Med J. 1928 Nov 10;2(3540):829-32. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.3540.829. PMID: 20774242; PMCID: PMC2456401.

p. 169 ‘A study in 2009 found that for patients with post-traumatic amnesia…’: Nakase-Richardson R, Sherer M, Seel RT, Hart T, Hanks R, Arango-Lasprilla JC, Yablon SA, Sander AM, Barnett SD, Walker WC, Hammond F. Utility of post-traumatic amnesia in predicting 1-year productivity following traumatic brain injury: comparison of the Russell and Mississippi PTA classification intervals. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011 May;82(5):494-9. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2010.222489. Epub 2011 Jan 17. PMID: 21242285.

p. 170 ‘…frustratingly, other than a few small studies, none of these treatments have so far shown any significant benefit for human patients.’: Bergold PJ. Treatment of traumatic brain injury with anti-inflammatory drugs. Exp Neurol. 2016 Jan;275 Pt 3(Pt 3):367-380. doi: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.024. Epub 2015 Jun 23. PMID: 26112314; PMCID: PMC6007860.

p. 170 ‘While most of the post-traumatic inflammation settles down within weeks…’: Postolache TT, Wadhawan A, Can A, Lowry CA, Woodbury M, Makkar H, Hoisington AJ, Scott AJ, Potocki E, Benros ME, Stiller JW. Inflammation in Traumatic Brain Injury. J Alzheimers Dis. 2020;74(1):1-28. doi: 10.3233/JAD-191150. PMID: 32176646; PMCID: PMC8190673.

p. 171 ‘Genetic factors may also be important in recovery.’: Cortes D, Pera MF. The genetic basis of inter-individual variation in recovery from traumatic brain injury. NPJ Regen Med. 2021 Jan 21;6(1):5. doi: 10.1038/s41536-020-00114-y. PMID: 33479258; PMCID: PMC7820607.

p. 174 ‘…a study based on a Swedish national database suggests…’: Nordström A, Nordström P. Traumatic brain injury and the risk of dementia diagnosis: A nationwide cohort study. PLoS Med. 2018 Jan 30;15(1):e1002496. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002496. PMID: 29381704; PMCID: PMC5790223.

p. 174 ‘If you measure the brain volumes of patients with previous head injury…’: Bourke NJ, Demarchi C, De Simoni S, Samra R, Patel MC, Kuczynski A, Mok Q, Wimalasundera N, Vargha-Khadem F, Sharp DJ. Brain volume abnormalities and clinical outcomes following paediatric traumatic brain injury. Brain. 2022 Aug 27;145(8):2920-2934. doi: 10.1093/brain/awac130. PMID: 35798350; PMCID: PMC9420021.

p. 175 ‘This brain atrophy makes more sense since the discovery in autopsies…’: McKee AC, Cantu RC, Nowinski CJ, Hedley-Whyte ET, Gavett BE, Budson AE, Santini VE, Lee HS, Kubilus CA, Stern RA. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2009 Jul;68(7):709-35. doi: 10.1097/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503. PMID: 19535999; PMCID: PMC2945234.

p. 175 ‘The Tau protein is an increasingly important character…’: Flavin WP, Hosseini H, Ruberti JW, Kavehpour HP, Giza CC, Prins ML. Traumatic brain injury and the pathways to cerebral tau accumulation. Front Neurol. 2023 Aug 11;14:1239653. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1239653. PMID: 37638180; PMCID: PMC10450935.

p. 176 ‘We are entering a new phase of treatments for conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease…’: Chhabra A, Solanki S, Saravanabawan P, Venkiteswaran A, Nimmathota N, Modi NM. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of anti-amyloid beta monoclonal antibodies in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2024 Nov;24(11):1261-1269. doi: 10.1080/14712598.2024.2416947. Epub 2024 Nov 12. PMID: 39432414.

p. 183 ‘In 1876 John Hughlings Jackson described a woman with a right parietal tumour . . .’: Hughlings Jackson, J., ‘Case of large cerebral tumour without optic neuritis and with left hemiplegia and imperception’ (London: Harrison and Sons, 1876)

p. 184 ‘But it was the splendidly named Walter Russell Brain who first proposed neglect as its own disorder . . .’: Russell Brain, W., ‘Visual Disorientation with Special Reference to Lesions of the Right Cerebral Hemisphere’, Brain, Volume 64, Issue 4, December 1941, pp. 244–72, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/64.4.244

p. 185 ‘But a study which did this during the rapid-eye-movement phase of sleep . . .’: Doricchi, F., Iaria, G., Silvetti, M. et al., ‘The “ways” we look at dreams: evidence from unilateral spatial neglect (with an evolutionary account of dream bizarreness)’, Exp Brain Res. 2007 Apr;178(4):450–61. doi: 10.1007/s00221-006-0750-x. Epub 2006 Nov 8. PMID: 17091297

p. 185 ‘One description of this “representational neglect” illustrates this particularly elegantly.’: Bisiach, E., Luzzatti, C., ‘Unilateral neglect of representational space’, Cortex. 1978 Mar;14(1):129–33. doi: 10.1016/s0010-9452(78)80016-1. PMID: 16295118

p. 187 ‘A popular theory suggests that neglect results from an imbalance between the attention networks . . .’: Zebhauser, P. T., Vernet, M., Unterburger, E. and Brem, A. K., ‘Visuospatial neglect – a theory-informed overview of current and emerging strategies and a systematic review on the therapeutic use of non-invasive brain stimulation’, Neuropsychol Rev. 2019 Dec;29(4):397–420. doi: 10.1007/s11065-019-09417-4. Epub 2019 Nov 20. PMID: 31748841; PMCID: PMC6892765

p. 187 ‘It has become apparent more recently that while neglect is by definition a disturbance of symmetry . . .’: Husain, M., Rorden, C., ‘Non-spatially lateralized mechanisms in hemispatial neglect’, Nat Rev Neurosci. 2003 Jan;4(1):26–36. doi: 10.1038/nrn1005. PMID: 12511859

p. 189 ‘A number of tricks have been tried as adjuncts to the standard approach . . .’: Lisa, L. P., Jughters, A. and Kerckhofs, E., ‘The effectiveness of different treatment modalities for the rehabilitation of unilateral neglect in stroke patients: a systematic review’, NeuroRehabilitation. 2013;33(4):611–20. doi: 10.3233/NRE-130986. PMID: 24018365

p. 190 ‘One of the first indications that visual processing is modular . . .’: Riddoch, G., ‘Dissociation of visual perceptions due to occipital injuries, with especial reference to appreciation of movement’, Brain, 40(1), 1917, 15–57, https://doi.org/10.1093/BRAIN/40.1.15.

p. 191 ‘More bizarre visual dissociations had been described the previous year . . .’: Smith, S., Holmes, G., ‘A Case of Bilateral Motor Apraxia with Disturbance of Visual Orientation’, British Medical Journal, 24 March 1916; 1 doi, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.2882.437

p. 192 ‘Something similar had in fact been described in detail seven years before . . .’: Bálint, R., ‘Seelenlähmung des “Schauens”, optische Ataxie, räumliche Storung der Aufmerksamkeit’, Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol. 1909;25:51–81 (1909)

p. 193 ‘It is now thought that, broadly speaking, two streams of visual information flow . . .’: Kravitz, D. J., Saleem, K. S., Baker, C. I. and Mishkin, M., ‘A new neural framework for visuospatial processing’, Nat Rev Neurosci. 2011 Apr;12(4):217–30. doi: 10.1038/nrn3008. PMID: 21415848; PMCID: PMC3388718

p. 195 ‘This ‘blindsight’ has been recognised as an unusual but real phenomenon . . .’: Weiskrantz, L., Warrington, E. K., Sanders, M. D. and Marshall, J., ‘Visual capacity in the hemianopic field following a restricted occipital ablation’, Brain. 1974 Dec;97(4):709–28. doi: 10.1093/brain/97.1.709. PMID: 4434190

p. 195 ‘My colleague Sara Ajina studied seventeen patients . . .’: Ajina, S., Pestilli, F., Rokem, A., Kennard, C. and Bridge, H., ‘Human blindsight is mediated by an intact geniculo-extrastriate pathway’, Elife. 2015 Oct 20;4:e08935. doi: 10.7554/eLife.08935. PMID: 26485034; PMCID: PMC4641435

p. 199 ‘This ‘chronostasis’ is a recognised illusion . . .’: Yarrow, K., Haggard, P., Heal, R. et al., ‘Illusory perceptions of space and time preserve cross-saccadic perceptual continuity’, Nature, 15 November 2001, 414(6861), 302–5, doi:10.1038/35104551, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35104551

p. 206 ‘In 1825 Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud had correlated speech symptoms…’: Zago S, Lorusso L, Porro A, Franchini AF, Cubelli R. Between Bouillaud and Broca: An unknown Italian debate on cerebral localization of language. Brain Cogn. 2015 Oct;99:87-96. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.07.007. Epub 2015 Aug 8. PMID: 26263383.

p. 206 ‘But it was another Frenchman, Pierre Paul Broca, who in 1865 reported a patient…’: Berker EA, Berker AH, Smith A. Translation of Broca’s 1865 report. Localization of speech in the third left frontal convolution. Arch Neurol. 1986 Oct;43(10):1065-72. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1986.00520100069017. PMID: 3530216.

p. 206 ‘Inspired by this approach the Prussian physician Carl Wernicke…’: Book: Der aphasische Symptomencomplex. Carl Wernicke. Published in Breslau by Max Cohn & Weigert. 1874

p. 213 ‘So what is happening as we turn the sound entering our ears into words…’: Book: Language in Our Brain: The Origins of a Uniquely Human Capacity. Angela Friderici. Published by The MIT Press. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11173.001.0001. ISBN electronic: 9780262342964

p. 213 ‘The German neuroscientist Angela Friederici has spent chasing the path taken by a word…’: Friederici AD. The brain basis of language processing: from structure to function. Physiol Rev. 2011 Oct;91(4):1357-92. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2011. PMID: 22013214.

p. 214 ‘Functional brain imaging has now identified two dorsal and two ventral streams…’: Fujii M, Maesawa S, Ishiai S, Iwami K, Futamura M, Saito K. Neural Basis of Language: An Overview of An Evolving Model. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2016 Jul 15;56(7):379-86. doi: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0014. Epub 2016 Apr 16. PMID: 27087195; PMCID: PMC4945596.

p. 214 ‘We now also know that… there are important roles being played also by the right.’: Patel S, Oishi K, Wright A, Sutherland-Foggio H, Saxena S, Sheppard SM, Hillis AE. Right Hemisphere Regions Critical for Expression of Emotion Through Prosody. Front Neurol. 2018 Apr 6;9:224. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00224. PMID: 29681885; PMCID: PMC5897518.

p. 215 ‘It turns out that even pre-term babies at twenty-eight weeks gestation…’: Mahmoudzadeh M, Dehaene-Lambertz G, Fournier M, et al. Syllabic discrimination in premature human infants prior to complete formation of cortical layers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(12):4846-4851. doi:10.1073/pnas.1212220110

p. 215 ‘Within five days of birth a baby’s left temporal lobe responds specifically to speech…’: Peña M, Maki A, Kovacić D, et al. Sounds and silence: an optical topography study of language recognition at birth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100(20):11702-11705. doi:10.1073/pnas.1934290100

p. 216 ‘Some neuroscientists believe that development of this ‘second dorsal stream’…’: Asano, R. The evolution of hierarchical structure building capacity for language and music: a bottom-up perspective. Primates 63, 417–428 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-021-00905-x

p. 220 ‘Listening to music really does make the brain light up like a Christmas tree.’: Trost W, Trevor C, Fernandez N, Steiner F, Frühholz S. Live music stimulates the affective brain and emotionally entrains listeners in real time. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2024 Mar 5;121(10):e2316306121. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2316306121. Epub 2024 Feb 26. PMID: 38408255; PMCID: PMC10927510.

p. 223 ‘After a left-sided stroke causing aphasia a characteristic progression is typically seen.’:  Kiran S, Thompson CK. Neuroplasticity of Language Networks in Aphasia: Advances, Updates, and Future Challenges. Front Neurol. 2019 Apr 2;10:295. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00295. PMID: 31001187; PMCID: PMC6454116.

p. 224 ‘Imaging studies comparing illiterate adults to those who can read suggest…’: Hervais-Adelman A, Kumar U, Mishra RK, Tripathi VN, Guleria A, Singh JP, Eisner F, Huettig F. Learning to read recycles visual cortical networks without destruction. Sci Adv. 2019 Sep 18;5(9):eaax0262. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0262. PMID: 31555732; PMCID: PMC6750915.

p. 224 ‘You can induce such shifts experimentally in healthy people…’: Hartwigsen G, Saur D, Price CJ, Ulmer S, Baumgaertner A, Siebner HR. Perturbation of the left inferior frontal gyrus triggers adaptive plasticity in the right homologous area during speech production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013 Oct 8;110(41):16402-7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1310190110. Epub 2013 Sep 23. PMID: 24062469; PMCID: PMC3799383.

p. 224 ‘When twenty patients with impaired word comprehension from a previous stroke…’: Woodhead ZV, Crinion J, Teki S, Penny W, Price CJ, Leff AP. Auditory training changes temporal lobe connectivity in ‘Wernicke’s aphasia’: a randomised trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Jul;88(7):586-594. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-314621. Epub 2017 Mar 4. PMID: 28259857; PMCID: PMC5659142.

p. 224 ‘Several studies in aphasic patients have shown that inhibiting language regions on the right…’: Breining BL, Sebastian R. Neuromodulation in post-stroke aphasia treatment. Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep. 2020 Jun;8(2):44-56. doi: 10.1007/s40141-020-00257-5. Epub 2020 Feb 22. PMID: 33344066; PMCID: PMC7748105.

p. 225 ‘My colleagues Alex Leff and Jenny Crinion ran a study with forty-six aphasic patients…’: Leff AP, Nightingale S, Gooding B, Rutter J, Craven N, Peart M, Dunstan A, Sherman A, Paget A, Duncan M, Davidson J, Kumar N, Farrington-Douglas C, Julien C, Crinion JT. Clinical Effectiveness of the Queen Square Intensive Comprehensive Aphasia Service for Patients With Poststroke Aphasia. Stroke. 2021 Oct;52(10):e594-e598. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.033837. Epub 2021 Jun 10. PMID: 34107735; PMCID: PMC8478085.

p. 234 ‘Somewhere around a third of patients with stroke will go on to have a significant depressive episode…’: Robinson RG, Jorge RE. Post-Stroke Depression: A Review. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 1;173(3):221-31. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15030363. Epub 2015 Dec 18. PMID: 26684921.

p. 234 ‘These strands of evidence suggest there may be a biological process by which stroke can induce a depressive state…’: Krick S, Koob JL, Latarnik S, Volz LJ, Fink GR, Grefkes C, Rehme AK. Neuroanatomy of post-stroke depression: the association between symptom clusters and lesion location. Brain Commun. 2023 Oct 25;5(5):fcad275. doi: 10.1093/braincomms/fcad275. PMID: 37908237; PMCID: PMC10613857.

p. 238 ‘In Capgras syndrome, so the theory goes, the patient consciously recognises the face…’: Bobes MA, Góngora D, Valdes A, Santos Y, Acosta Y, Fernandez Garcia Y, Lage A, Valdés-Sosa M. Testing the connections within face processing circuitry in Capgras delusion with diffusion imaging tractography. Neuroimage Clin. 2016 Jan 7;11:30-40. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.01.006. PMID: 26909325; PMCID: PMC4732187.

p. 240 ‘For an example of how this divergence of approaches has been less than productive…’: Martin JB. The integration of neurology, psychiatry, and neuroscience in the 21st century. Am J Psychiatry. 2002 May;159(5):695-704. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.695. PMID: 11986119.

p. 241 ‘Regarding the disciplinary schism he wrote ‘There is no biological significance to this division…’’: Book: Cobb, S: Borderlands of Psychiatry. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1943

p. 241 ‘By 1994 an editorial in the journal Neurology declared…’: Cummings JL, Hegarty A. Neurology, psychiatry, and neuropsychiatry. Neurology. 1994 Feb;44(2):209-13. doi: 10.1212/wnl.44.2.209. PMID: 8309560.

p. 247 ‘The best current theory, in my view, sees functional symptoms as a disruption…’: Edwards MJ, Adams RA, Brown H, Pareés I, Friston KJ. A Bayesian account of ‘hysteria’. Brain. 2012 Nov;135(Pt 11):3495-512. doi: 10.1093/brain/aws129. Epub 2012 May 28. PMID: 22641838; PMCID: PMC3501967.

p. 247 ‘Pioneering English neuropsychiatrist Michael Trimble called this the ‘intentional brain’.’: Book: Trimble M. The Intentional Brain. Motion, Emotion, and the Development of Modern Neuropsychiatry. Published by Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 2016. ISBN: 9781421419497

p. 249 ‘The prevalence of whiplash… varies enormously between countries.’: Ferrari R, Constantoyannis C, Papadakis N. Laypersons’ expectation of the sequelae of whiplash injury: a cross-cultural comparative study between Canada and Greece. Med Sci Monit. 2003 Mar;9(3):CR120-4. PMID: 12640340.

p. 254 ‘The French journalist Jean-Dominique Bauby famously ‘dictated’ an entire book…’: Book: Baube J-D. The Diving Bell and the Butterfly. New York, NY: AA Knopf; 1997. ISBN: 9780375401152

p. 255 ‘Alexandre Dumas described a man with something very similar in The Count of Montechristo.’: Book: Dumas A. The Count of Monte Cristo. Published by Chapman and Hall, London, 1846

p. 265 ‘In Cambridge a team of neuroscientists led by Adrian Owen…’: Owen AM, Coleman MR, Boly M, Davis MH, Laureys S, Pickard JD. Detecting awareness in the vegetative state. Science. 2006 Sep 8;313(5792):1402. doi: 10.1126/science.1130197. PMID: 16959998.

p. 266 ‘This important result was followed four years later by a larger study…’: Monti MM, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Coleman MR, Boly M, Pickard JD, Tshibanda L, Owen AM, Laureys S. Willful modulation of brain activity in disorders of consciousness. N Engl J Med. 2010 Feb 18;362(7):579-89. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0905370. Epub 2010 Feb 3. PMID: 20130250.

p. 266 ‘More recently a Chinese group have developed a clever technique…’: Pan J, Xie Q, Qin P, Chen Y, He Y, Huang H, Wang F, Ni X, Cichocki A, Yu R, Li Y. Prognosis for patients with cognitive motor dissociation identified by brain-computer interface. Brain. 2020 Apr 1;143(4):1177-1189. doi: 10.1093/brain/awaa026. Erratum in: Brain. 2020 Aug 1;143(8):e70. doi: 10.1093/brain/awaa113. PMID: 32101603; PMCID: PMC7174053.

p. 267 ‘A larger study in 2024 used either fMRI or the EEG technique…’:  Bodien YG, Allanson J, Cardone P et al. Cognitive Motor Dissociation in Disorders of Consciousness. N Engl J Med. 2024 Aug 15;391(7):598-608. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2400645. PMID: 39141852; PMCID: PMC7617195.

p. 270 ‘One elegant way of looking into this is the binocular rivalry paradigm…’: Tong F, Nakayama K, Vaughan JT, Kanwisher N. Binocular rivalry and visual awareness in human extrastriate cortex. Neuron. 1998 Oct;21(4):753-9. doi: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80592-9. PMID: 9808462.

p. 271 ‘Derick Wade…has described treating a farmer who after an acquired brain injury…’: Wade D. Back to the bedside? Making clinical decisions in patients with prolonged unconsciousness. J Med Ethics. 2017 Jul;43(7):457-458. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2015-103140. Epub 2016 Aug 8. PMID: 27501786.

p. 272 ‘In 1993 a test case in the UK courts…’:  Airedale N.H.S. Trust v Bland [1993] A.C. 789 House of Lords

p. 274 ‘The biggest quality-of-life survey in locked-in patients to date is a French study…’: Bruno MA, Bernheim JL, Ledoux D, Pellas F, Demertzi A, Laureys S. A survey on self-assessed well-being in a cohort of chronic locked-in syndrome patients: happy majority, miserable minority. BMJ Open. 2011 Feb 23;1(1):e000039. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2010-000039. PMID: 22021735; PMCID: PMC3191401.

p. 274 ‘An Australian study examined outcomes following surgery for traumatic brain injury…’: Honeybul S, Janzen C, Kruger K, Ho KM. Decompressive craniectomy for severe traumatic brain injury: is life worth living? J Neurosurg. 2013 Dec;119(6):1566-75. doi: 10.3171/2013.8.JNS13857. Epub 2013 Oct 11. PMID: 24116729.

p. 275 ‘One patient in a minimally conscious state following brain injury was scanned while watching a suspenseful Alfred Hitchcock film…’: Naci L, Cusack R, Anello M, Owen AM. A common neural code for similar conscious experiences in different individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Sep 30;111(39):14277-82. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1407007111. Epub 2014 Sep 15. PMID: 25225384; PMCID: PMC4191782.

p. 275 ‘Another study reported subtle muscle responses around the mouth in response to a series of jokes…’: Fiacconi CM, Owen AM. Using facial electromyography to detect preserved emotional processing in disorders of consciousness: A proof-of-principle study. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016 Sep;127(9):3000-3006. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.06.006. Epub 2016 Jun 17. PMID: 27469527.

p. 291 ‘In a recent such study at Johns Hopkins in Baltimore the patients spent a third of their waking time alone in bed doing nothing.’: Bahouth MN, Zink EK, Ahmad O, Roy P, Zeiler SR, Urrutia VC, Krakauer JW. Bringing High-Dose Neurorestorative Behavioral Training Into the Acute Stroke Unit. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2023 Feb 1;102(2S Suppl 1):S33-S37. doi: 10.1097/PHM.0000000000002146. PMID: 36634328.

p. 293 ‘A group in Pittsburgh published results in 2023 of a study in which they implanted electrodes…’: Powell MP, Verma N, Sorensen E et al. Epidural stimulation of the cervical spinal cord for post-stroke upper-limb paresis. Nat Med. 2023 Mar;29(3):689-699. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-02202-6. Epub 2023 Feb 20. PMID: 36807682; PMCID: PMC10291889.

p. 293 ‘In the late 1990s Austrian neuroscientist Niels Birbaumer demonstrated a brain-computer interface…’: Birbaumer N, Ghanayim N, Hinterberger T et al. A spelling device for the paralysed. Nature. 1999 Mar 25;398(6725):297-8. doi: 10.1038/18581. PMID: 10192330.

p. 296 ‘We know two important facts about the ‘dose’ of therapy that people receive after a stroke…’: Lin DJ, Cramer SC, Boyne P et al. High-Dose, High-Intensity Stroke Rehabilitation: Why Aren’t We Giving It? Stroke. 2025 May;56(5):1351-1364. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.124.043650. Epub 2025 Apr 28. PMID: 40294175; PMCID: PMC12039970.

p. 297 ‘Stroke units in the UK are audited nationally…’: Gittins M, Vail A, Bowen A et al. Factors influencing the amount of therapy received during inpatient stroke care: an analysis of data from the UK Sentinel Stroke National Audit Programme. Clin Rehabil. 2020 Jul;34(7):981-991. doi: 10.1177/0269215520927454. Epub 2020 Jun 7. PMID: 32508132; PMCID: PMC7324910.

p. 297 ‘The situation in the US is no better, in fact probably worse. A study in 2023…’: Young BM, Holman EA, Cramer SC; STRONG Study Investigators. Rehabilitation Therapy Doses Are Low After Stroke and Predicted by Clinical Factors. Stroke. 2023 Mar;54(3):831-839. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.122.041098. Epub 2023 Feb 3. PMID: 36734234; PMCID: PMC9992003.

p. 298 ‘A health economic study including almost six thousand patients having neurorehabilitation across England…’: Turner-Stokes L, Paul S, Williams H. Efficiency of specialist rehabilitation in reducing dependency and costs of continuing care for adults with complex acquired brain injuries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006 May;77(5):634-9. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2005.073411. PMID: 16614023; PMCID: PMC2117444.

p. 298 ‘A similar 2024 analysis for patients with acquired brain injury in Australia…’: Lannin NA, Crotty M, Cameron ID et al. Cost efficiency of inpatient rehabilitation following acquired brain injury: the first international adaptation of the UK approachBMJ Open 2024;14:e094892. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-094892